Deep eutectic solvent extraction of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide and the extract's antioxidant activity.

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Citation abstract

BACKGROUND: No study has, until now, examined the deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TFP). In this study, a DES composed of choline chloride and citric acid (1:1 molar ratio) was prepared for TFP extraction. Artificial neural network optimization based on genetic and sparrow search algorithms was applied, yielding the polysaccharide TFP-1 with an average molecular weight of 13 152 Da.

RESULTS: The TFP-1 polysaccharide exhibited a triple-helix structure, and its polymer chains comprised glucose, mannose, xylose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 90.82:5.68:3.06:0.44. The main chain structure was →(6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→). In a cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced oxidative injury cell model, the TFP-1-based extract (TFP-1-E) decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) levels, while increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activity at 50-100 μg mL⁻¹ compared with the model group. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis identified 1343 differentially expressed genes between the CSE and TFP-1-E groups, which were primarily mapped to a five-gene sub-network comprising CARD17, CARD18, CASP1, MINDY3, and MINDY2.

CONCLUSION: These data suggest that TFP-1-E could alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress and could be used for the development of functional foods or biomedicines. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.