MycoData
Medicinal fungi research database
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Oncology
Cancer, tumor biology, chemotherapy support, and oncology adjunct literature.
Species records
Species record
Oyster Mushroom
Pleurotus ostreatus
- Studies
- 1,947
- Avg relevance
- 53
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Reishi · Lingzhi
Ganoderma lucidum
- Studies
- 1,830
- Avg relevance
- 60
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Turkey Tail · Yun Zhi
Trametes versicolor
- Studies
- 1,828
- Avg relevance
- 41
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Shiitake · Hua Gu
Lentinula edodes
- Studies
- 1,766
- Avg relevance
- 60
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Cordyceps · Scarlet Club
Cordyceps militaris
- Studies
- 1,635
- Avg relevance
- 67
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Cordyceps · Caterpillar Fungus
Ophiocordyceps sinensis
- Studies
- 1,576
- Avg relevance
- 59
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Almond Mushroom · ABM
Agaricus blazei
- Studies
- 1,441
- Avg relevance
- 54
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Enoki · Winter Mushroom
Flammulina velutipes
- Studies
- 1,403
- Avg relevance
- 47
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
King Oyster · Eryngii
Pleurotus eryngii
- Studies
- 1,278
- Avg relevance
- 60
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Maitake · Hen of the Woods
Grifola frondosa
- Studies
- 1,276
- Avg relevance
- 48
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Snow Fungus · Silver Ear
Tremella fuciformis
- Studies
- 1,052
- Avg relevance
- 29
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Lion's Mane · Yamabushitake
Hericium erinaceus
- Studies
- 862
- Avg relevance
- 67
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Chaga
Inonotus obliquus
- Studies
- 738
- Avg relevance
- 65
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Mesima · Sanghwang
Phellinus linteus
- Studies
- 722
- Avg relevance
- 58
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Niu-Chang-Chih
Antrodia camphorata
- Studies
- 496
- Avg relevance
- 63
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Nameko · Nametake
Pholiota microspora
- Studies
- 421
- Avg relevance
- 29
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Yellow Morel
Morchella esculenta
- Studies
- 392
- Avg relevance
- 42
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Zhu Ling · Umbrella Polypore
Polyporus umbellatus
- Studies
- 263
- Avg relevance
- 55
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Wood Ear · Kikurage
Auricularia auricula-judae
- Studies
- 254
- Avg relevance
- 51
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Agarikon · Quinine Conk
Fomitopsis officinalis
- Studies
- 47
- Avg relevance
- 55
- Latest
- 2026
Articles
4,056 results
Showing 2,451–2,500 of 4,056
Cordyceps · 2019 · Research Article · American journal of translational research
Cordycepin inhibits human ovarian cancer by inducing autophagy and apoptosis through Dickkopf-related protein 1/β-catenin signaling.
Cordycepin, the major active component from Cordyceps militaris, has been reported to significantly inhibit some types of cancer; however, its effects on ovarian cancer are still not well understood..
Cordyceps · 2016 · Journal Article · International journal of medicinal mushrooms
Anti-Inflammation Properties of Fruiting Bodies and Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Culinary-Medicinal Higher Basidiomycetes Mushrooms.
This research shows the phenolic composition and anti-inflammation properties of fruiting bodies and mycelia of 15 strains of 12 species of higher Basidiomycetes medicinal mushrooms. In this research, 15 extracts were prepared and their effects on inflammation-related mediators in RAW 264.7 cells were evaluated..
Shiitake · 2016 · Journal Article · Oncology reports
Lentinan mitigates therarubicin-induced myelosuppression by activating bone marrow-derived macrophages in an MAPK/NF-κB-dependent manner.
Bone marrow (BM) suppression (also known as myelosuppression) is the most common and most severe side-effect of therarubicin (THP) and thereby limits the clinical application of this anticancer agent..
Maitake · 2012 · Review · Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry
The cancer preventive effects of edible mushrooms.
An increasing body of scientific literature suggests that dietary components may exert cancer preventive effects. Tea, soy, cruciferous vegetables and other foods have been investigated for their cancer preventive potential..
Shiitake · 2026 · Evaluation Study · Food chemistry
Unlocking protein and bioactive peptide recovery in relation to mushroom species and pulsed electric field treatment: proteomic and peptidomic insights via LC-TOF-MS/MS and SDS-PAGE following in vitro digestion.
Edible mushrooms are increasingly recognized due to their high-quality protein content and bioactive potential. This study evaluated pulsed electric fields (PEF) (50 kJ/kg, 2.5 kV/cm, 6 h) to enhance the recovery of functional proteins and peptides from Agaricus bisporus, A..
Reishi · 2024 · Research Support, Non U.S. Gov'T · Toxicology and applied pharmacology
Ganoderic acid T, a Ganoderma triterpenoid, modulates the tumor microenvironment and enhances the chemotherapy and immunotherapy efficacy through downregulating galectin-1 levels.
Ganoderic acid T (GAT), a triterpenoid molecule of Ganoderma lucidum, exhibits anti-cancer activity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-cancer molecular mechanisms of GAT and explore its therapeutic applications for cancer treatment..
Reishi · 2024 · Brief Report · Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
Selective Antineoplastic Potential of Fractionated Caribbean Native Ganoderma Species Extracts on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 expression..
Reishi · 2023 · Journal Article · BMC cancer
AGA induces sub-G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells through p53-independent/p53-dependent pathway.
BACKGROUND: Despite the advancement in chemotherapeutic drugs for colon cancer treatment, it is still a life-threatening disease worldwide due to drug resistance. Therefore, an urgently needed to develop novel drugs for colon cancer therapies..
Mesima · 2023 · Research Article · Biomedicines
Blockade of the SRC/STAT3/BCL-2 Signaling Axis Sustains the Cytotoxicity in Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines Induced by Dehydroxyhispolon Methyl Ether.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent human cancer globally. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-based systemic chemotherapy is the primary strategy for advanced CRC treatment, yet is limited by poor response rate..
Niu-Chang-Chih · 2023 · Journal Article · Archives of toxicology
Coenzyme Q0 defeats NLRP3-mediated inflammation, EMT/metastasis, and Warburg effects by inhibiting HIF-1α expression in human triple-negative breast cancer cells.
Coenzyme Q0 (CoQ0) is a derivative quinone from Antrodia camphorata (AC) that exerts anticancer activities. This study examined the anticancer attributes of CoQ0 (0-4 µM) on inhibited anti-EMT/metastasis and NLRP3 inflammasome, and altered Warburg effects via HIF-1α inhibition in triple-negative breast cancer….
Reishi · 2023 · Journal Article · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
Evaluating the Application Potential of a Recombinant Ganoderma Protein as Bioactive Ingredients in Cosmetics.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the application potential of a recombinant fungal immunomodulatory protein from Ganoderma lucidum (rFIP-glu). First, a recombinant plasmid pPIC9K::FIP-glu-His was transferred into Pichia pastoris for the production of protein..
Reishi · 2023 · Journal Article · Frontiers in pharmacology
G. lucidum triterpenes restores intestinal flora balance in non-hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: evidence of 16S rRNA sequencing and network pharmacology analysis.
Background: Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a popular traditional remedy medicine used in Asia to promote health and longevity, which has also been highlighted for anti-cancer effects.
Reishi · 2023 · Journal Article · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
Ganoderenic acid D-loaded functionalized graphene oxide-based carrier for active targeting therapy of cervical carcinoma.
Ganoderenic acid D (GAD), extracted from the Chinese herb Ganoderma lucidum, was loaded onto a graphene oxide-polyethylene glycol-anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (GO-PEG-EGFR) carrier to develop a targeting antitumor nanocomposite (GO-PEG@GAD)..
Reishi · 2023 · Journal Article · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
Ganoderic Acid A and Its Amide Derivatives as Potential Anti-Cancer Agents by Regulating the p53-MDM2 Pathway: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation.
The mechanisms of action of natural products and the identification of their targets have long been a research hotspot. Ganoderic acid A (GAA) is the earliest and most abundant triterpenoids discovered in Ganoderma lucidum..
Reishi · 2023 · Journal Article · Journal of ethnopharmacology
Immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of Tiepishihu Xiyangshen granules on cyclophosphamide induced immuno-suppression via TLR4/MAPKs and PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a signal pathways.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tiepishihu Xiyangshen granules (TXG) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula composed of Panax quinquefolius L, Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo and Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.
Reishi · 2023 · Journal Article · Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE
Isolation and Purification of Fungal β-Glucan as an Immunotherapy Strategy for Glioblastoma.
One of the biggest challenges in developing effective therapies against glioblastoma is overcoming the strong immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment. Immunotherapy has emerged as an effective strategy to turn the immune system response against tumor cells..
Reishi · 2023 · Journal Article · Pharmaceutical biology
Lucialdehyde B suppresses proliferation and induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE2 cells.
CONTEXT: Lucialdehyde B (LB), an effective triterpenoid isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst.
Mesima · 2023 · Research Article · Biomedicines
Methoxyhispolon Methyl Ether, a Hispolon Analog, Thwarts the SRC/STAT3/BCL-2 Axis to Provoke Human Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Apoptosis In Vitro.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer with few treatment options. A promising TNBC treatment approach is targeting the oncogenic signaling pathways pivotal to TNBC initiation and progression..
Reishi · 2023 · Journal Article · Current issues in molecular biology
Mixed Medicinal Mushroom Mycelia Attenuates Alzheimer's Disease Pathologies In Vitro and In Vivo.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by memory impairment and existence of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neuroinflammation. Due to the pivotal role of oxidative damage in AD, natural antioxidative agents, such as polyphenol-rich fungi, have garnered scientific scrutiny..
Reishi · 2023 · Journal Article · Nutrients
Mushroom-Based Supplements in Italy: Let's Open Pandora's Box.
Mushrooms and derivates are well known to the scientific community for having different health benefits and exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, including lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antimicrobic, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulating, neuroprotective and….
Reishi · 2023 · Journal Article · Frontiers in nutrition
Network pharmacology-based analysis of Resinacein S against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating lipid metabolism.
BACKGROUND: Ganoderma lucidum is reportedly the best source of traditional natural bioactive constituents. Ganoderma triterpenoids (GTs) have been verified as an alternative adjuvant for treating leukemia, cancer, hepatitis and diabetes..
Lion's Mane · 2023 · Research Article · International journal of molecular sciences
Neuroprotective Effects of Erinacine A on an Experimental Model of Traumatic Optic Neuropathy.
Erinacine A (EA), a natural neuroprotectant, is isolated from a Chinese herbal medicine, Hericium erinaceus. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of EA in a rat model of traumatic optic neuropathy..
Niu-Chang-Chih · 2023 · Journal Article · Phytomedicine: international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Ovatodiolide and antrocin synergistically inhibit the stemness and metastatic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma via impairing ribosome biogenesis and modulating ERK/Akt-mTOR signaling axis.
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K signaling confers resistance against sorafenib, a mainstay treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)..
Reishi · 2023 · Journal Article · Frontiers in endocrinology
Proteomics and network pharmacology of Ganshu Nuodan capsules in the prevention of alcoholic liver disease.
INTRODUCTION: Ganshu Nuodan is a liver-protecting dietary supplement composed of Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) spore powder, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.
Lion's Mane · 2023 · Journal Article · International journal of biological macromolecules
Semi-solid enzymolysis enhanced the protective effects of fruiting body powders and polysaccharides of Herinaceus erinaceus on gastric mucosal injury.
This study demonstrated the effects of semi-solid enzymolysis on physicochemical properties of fruiting body powders and polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus and protective effects on gastric mucosal injury..
Reishi · 2023 · Journal Article · Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
Spore Oil-Functionalized Selenium Nanoparticles Protect Pancreatic Beta Cells from Palmitic Acid-Induced Apoptosis via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptotic Pathways.
Oxidative stress damage of pancreatic β-cells is a key link in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A long-term increase of free fatty acids induces the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in β-cells, leading to apoptosis and dysfunction of β-cells..
Turkey Tail · 2023 · Research Article · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
The Synergistic Effect of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles and Phytocompound as a Novel Approach to the Elimination of Pathogens.
Due to the wide applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), research on their ecological synthesis has been extensive in recent years. In our study, biogenic silver nanoparticles were synthesized extracellularly using the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor via two cultivation methods: static and shaking..
Turkey Tail · 2023 · Research Article · International journal of analytical chemistry
Wild Mushrooms: A Hidden Treasure of Novel Bioactive Compounds.
Secondary metabolites are hidden gems in mushrooms. Understanding these secondary metabolites' biological and pharmacological effects can be aided by identifying them..
Turkey Tail · 2023 · Research Article · Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM
Wild Mushrooms: Potential Natural Sources of Antioxidant and Anti-Quorum Sensing Bioactive Compounds for Medical Applications.
OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at determining the antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of five wild mushroom extracts. METHODS: Wild mushrooms of Auricularia auricula-judae, Termitomyces umkowaani, Trametes elegans, Trametes versicolor, and Microporus xanthopus were collected from….
Chaga · 2022 · Journal Article · Fitoterapia
21,24-Cyclolanostanes revisited: Structural revision and biological evaluation.
Chemical fractionation of the EtOH extract of a medicinal macro fungus, Inonotus obliquus, afforded an array of lanostane-type triterpenoids (1-11) including two new ones (1 and 8)..
Maitake · 2022 · Research Article · Optoelectronics letters
A label-free lateral offset spliced coreless fiber MZI biosensor based on hydrophobin HGFI for TNF-α detection.
A real-time label-free lateral offset spliced coreless fiber (CF) Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) biosensor functionalized with hydrophobin Grifola frondosa I (HGFI) was proposed for the detection of cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)..
Shiitake · 2022 · Journal Article · Frontiers in oncology
AHCC® Supplementation to Support Immune Function to Clear Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infections.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy, safety, and durability of the use of AHCC supplementation for 6 months to support the host immune system to clear high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections..
Yellow Morel · 2022 · Journal Article · Experimental oncology
ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITIES Of EXTRACTS FROM MYCELIAL BIOMASS OF SOME MEDICINAL BASIDIOMYCETES IN HUMAN COLON CANCER CELLS COLO 205.
BACKGROUND: The anticancer effects of phytohormones of cytokinin nature are similar to those of medicinal mushrooms, which are able to synthesize cytokinins in large amounts..
Agarikon · 2022 · Research Article · Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)
Antiproliferative Fatty Acids Isolated from the Polypore Fungus Onnia tomentosa.
Onnia tomentosa is a widespread root rot pathogen frequently found in coniferous forests in North America. In this study, the potential medicinal properties of this wild polypore mushroom collected from north-central British Columbia, Canada, were investigated.
Reishi · 2022 · Journal Article · Journal of the science of food and agriculture
Association of gut microbiota characteristics and metabolites reveals the regulation mechanisms under cadmium consumption circumstance.
BACKGROUND: Cadmium is a non-biodegradable heavy metal with a long biological half-life. Although its negative impact on human health has been previously reported, the association of cadmium consumption overdose with changes in the gut microbiota and its corresponding metabolites has not been fully elucidated so far..
Turkey Tail · 2022 · Research Article · Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)
Biological Synthesis of Monodisperse Uniform-Size Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) by Fungal Cell-Free Extracts at Elevated Temperature and pH.
Fungi's ability to convert organic materials into bioactive products offers environmentally friendly solutions for diverse industries. In the nanotechnology field, fungi metabolites have been explored for green nanoparticle synthesis..
Reishi · 2022 · Journal Article · Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
Cytotoxic Activities and Fingerprint Analysis of Triterpenes by HPTLC Technique for Distinguishing Ganoderma Species from Vietnam and other Asian Countries.
Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst.
Shiitake · 2022 · Research Article · Journal of personalized medicine
Experience with Photodynamic Therapy Using Indocyanine Green Liposomes for Refractory Cancer.
We reported the development of an effective cancer treatment using a multidisciplinary treatment, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) with indocyanine green (ICG) liposomes and a combination of Lentinula edodes mycelia (LEM) and hydrogen gas inhalation therapy..
Mesima · 2022 · Research Article · International journal of molecular sciences
Hispolon Cyclodextrin Complexes and Their Inclusion in Liposomes for Enhanced Delivery in Melanoma Cell Lines.
Hispolon, a phenolic pigment isolated from the mushroom species Phellinus linteus, has been investigated for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties; however, low solubility and poor bioavailability have limited its potential clinical translation..
Mesima · 2022 · Research Article · International journal of molecular sciences
Hispolon Methyl Ether, a Hispolon Analog, Suppresses the SRC/STAT3/Survivin Signaling Axis to Induce Cytotoxicity in Human Urinary Bladder Transitional Carcinoma Cell Lines.
Bladder cancer is a leading human malignancy worldwide. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 is an oncogenic transcription factor commonly hyperactivated in most human cancers, including bladder cancer..
Oyster Mushroom · 2022 · Journal Article · Scientific reports
Immunomodulatory activity of extracts from five edible basidiomycetes mushrooms in Wistar albino rats.
Mushrooms are nutritious foods that are widely cultivated all over the world. They are rich in a range of compounds linked to improving functions of the immune system including carotenoids, alkaloids, lectins, enzymes, folates, fats, organic acids, minerals, polysaccharides, phenolics, proteins, tocopherols,….
Mesima · 2022 · Research Article · Pharmaceutics
Immunomodulatory Effect of Hispolon on LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Cells and Mitogen/Alloantigen-Stimulated Spleen Lymphocytes of Mice.
Hispolon is a potent anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic agent isolated from Phellinus linteus, an oriental medicinal mushroom. However, the immunomodulatory mechanisms by which hispolon affects macrophages and lymphocytes remain poorly characterized..
Chaga · 2022 · Research Article · Experimental and therapeutic medicine
Inonotsuoxide B suppresses hepatic stellate cell activation and proliferation via the PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 pathway.
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) serve a pivotal role in the formation and degradation of the extracellular matrix during liver fibrosis. Inonotsuoxide B is a tetracyclic triterpenoid that can be extracted from Inonotus obliquus and has been previously reported to inhibit the growth of liver and gastric cancer cells..
Reishi · 2022 · Journal Article · Frontiers in oncology
Integrated Whole-Transcriptome Profiling and Bioinformatics Analysis of the Polypharmacological Effects of Ganoderic Acid Me in Colorectal Cancer Treatment.
Ganoderic acid Me (GA-Me) is a natural bioactive compound derived from Ganoderma lucidum. Our present results suggested that GA-Me inhibited proliferation, induced DNA fragmentation and significantly activated caspase-9 and caspase-3 in HCT116 cells..
Niu-Chang-Chih · 2022 · Research Article · Frontiers in cell and developmental biology
Large-scale transcriptomic analysis of coding and non-coding pathological biomarkers, associated with the tumor immune microenvironment of thyroid cancer and potential target therapy exploration.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy with a steadily increasing global incidence in recent decades. The pathogenesis of PTC is poorly understood, and the present diagnostic protocols are deficient..
Shiitake · 2022 · Journal Article · Molecular and cellular biochemistry
Lentinan triggers oxidative stress-mediated anti-inflammatory responses in lung cancer cells.
Inflammatory responses change several aspects of malignancies such as proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis and lead to tumor progression. Lung cancer is the leading type of cancer worldwide and cancer-related inflammatory mediators challenge the successful treatments..
Chaga · 2022 · Journal Article · Food & function
Neuroprotective effects of a new triterpenoid from edible mushroom on oxidative stress and apoptosis through the BDNF/TrkB/ERK/CREB and Nrf2 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo.
Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilat is an edible mushroom which is used to produce tea and syrup due to its medicinal properties. In this study, 10 secondary metabolites (1-10), including a new lanostane triterpenoid named 2α-hydroxy-inotodiol (2α-HI, 1), were identified from the edible mushroom I..
Reishi · 2022 · Journal Article · Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
Protective Effects of Amauroderma rugosum on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity through Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Apoptosis, and Activating Akt/mTOR and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathways.
Clinical outcomes for doxorubicin (Dox) are limited by its cardiotoxicity but a combination of Dox and agents with cardioprotective activities is an effective strategy to improve its therapeutic outcome. Natural products provide abundant resources to search for novel cardioprotective agents..
Turkey Tail · 2022 · Research Article · Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)
Synthesis, Antifungal Activity, Cytotoxicity and QSAR Study of Camphor Derivatives.
Control of fungal phytopathogens affecting crops and woodlands is an important goal in environmental management and the maintenance of food security. This work describes the synthesis of 37 camphor derivatives, of which 27 were new compounds.
Chaga · 2022 · Research Article · Journal of immunology research
Trametenolic Acid Ameliorates the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy in db/db Mice via Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB-Mediated Pathways.
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a fatal complication of diabetes and the main cause of end-stage renal disease. Due to the suboptimal effects of current treatments, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies for DN..