MycoData
Medicinal fungi research database
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Liver support
Hepatoprotection, liver enzymes, toxin exposure, and hepatic injury literature.
Species records
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Oyster Mushroom
Pleurotus ostreatus
- Studies
- 1,947
- Avg relevance
- 53
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Reishi · Lingzhi
Ganoderma lucidum
- Studies
- 1,830
- Avg relevance
- 60
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Turkey Tail · Yun Zhi
Trametes versicolor
- Studies
- 1,828
- Avg relevance
- 41
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Shiitake · Hua Gu
Lentinula edodes
- Studies
- 1,766
- Avg relevance
- 60
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Cordyceps · Scarlet Club
Cordyceps militaris
- Studies
- 1,635
- Avg relevance
- 67
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Cordyceps · Caterpillar Fungus
Ophiocordyceps sinensis
- Studies
- 1,576
- Avg relevance
- 59
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Almond Mushroom · ABM
Agaricus blazei
- Studies
- 1,441
- Avg relevance
- 54
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Enoki · Winter Mushroom
Flammulina velutipes
- Studies
- 1,403
- Avg relevance
- 47
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
King Oyster · Eryngii
Pleurotus eryngii
- Studies
- 1,278
- Avg relevance
- 60
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Maitake · Hen of the Woods
Grifola frondosa
- Studies
- 1,276
- Avg relevance
- 48
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Snow Fungus · Silver Ear
Tremella fuciformis
- Studies
- 1,052
- Avg relevance
- 29
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Lion's Mane · Yamabushitake
Hericium erinaceus
- Studies
- 862
- Avg relevance
- 67
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Chaga
Inonotus obliquus
- Studies
- 738
- Avg relevance
- 65
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Mesima · Sanghwang
Phellinus linteus
- Studies
- 722
- Avg relevance
- 58
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Niu-Chang-Chih
Antrodia camphorata
- Studies
- 496
- Avg relevance
- 63
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Nameko · Nametake
Pholiota microspora
- Studies
- 421
- Avg relevance
- 29
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Yellow Morel
Morchella esculenta
- Studies
- 392
- Avg relevance
- 42
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Zhu Ling · Umbrella Polypore
Polyporus umbellatus
- Studies
- 263
- Avg relevance
- 55
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Wood Ear · Kikurage
Auricularia auricula-judae
- Studies
- 254
- Avg relevance
- 51
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Agarikon · Quinine Conk
Fomitopsis officinalis
- Studies
- 47
- Avg relevance
- 55
- Latest
- 2026
Articles
1,643 results
Showing 801–850 of 1,643
Almond Mushroom · 2024 · Research Article · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology
Using eye tracking to evaluate the impact of smartphone-delivered attentional bias modification training for smokers.
Attentional bias modification (ABM) has been proposed to treat tobacco use disorder by reducing attentional bias (AB) to smoking-related cues. We sought to determine the extent to which AB to smoking cues, as measured by eye-tracking technology, was sensitive to multisession ABM among treatment-seeking adult smokers..
Almond Mushroom · 2023 · Review · Drug discovery today
Human serum albumin binders: A piggyback ride for long-acting therapeutics.
Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in the blood and has desirable properties as a drug carrier. One of the most promising ways to exploit HSA as a carrier is to append an albumin-binding moiety (ABM) to a drug for in situ HSA binding upon administration..
Enoki · 2010 · Research Support, Non U.S. Gov'T · International immunopharmacology
Oral administration of an Enoki mushroom protein FVE activates innate and adaptive immunity and induces anti-tumor activity against murine hepatocellular carcinoma.
FVE is a documented immunomodulatory protein purified from Enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) and known as an activator for human T lymphocytes. This present study was aimed to investigate the anti-tumor effect and the related mechanisms of oral administration of FVE using a murine hepatoma model..
Maitake · 2009 · Review Article · International journal of general medicine
Synergistic potentiation of D-fraction with vitamin C as possible alternative approach for cancer therapy.
Maitake D-fraction or PDF is the bioactive extract of maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) and its active constituent is the protein-bound polysaccharide (proteoglucan), or more specifically known as beta-glucan..
Cordyceps · 2024 · Research Support, Non U.S. Gov'T · Bioorganic chemistry
Cordycepin alleviates diabetes mellitus-associated hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting SOX9-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signal axis.
Diabetes mellitus can induce liver injury and easily progress to liver fibrosis. However, there is still a lack of effective treatments for diabetes-induced hepatic fibrosis..
Shiitake · 2022 · Research Article · Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)
Effect of Vitamin-D-Enriched Edible Mushrooms on Vitamin D Status, Bone Health and Expression of CYP2R1, CYP27B1 and VDR Gene in Wistar Rats.
Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in India and worldwide. Mushrooms are important nutritional foods, and in this context shiitake (Lentinula edodes), button (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushrooms are known for their bioactive properties..
Cordyceps · 2021 · Journal Article · International immunopharmacology
Cordycepin attenuates high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via down-regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses.
Cordycepin (CRD), an adenosine analog derived from traditional Chinese medicine, is an active component in Cordyceps militaris. It has been shown to have many protective effects during liver injury and ameliorate liver disease progression, but little is known about its effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease….
King Oyster · 2021 · Research Article · Animals: an open access journal from MDPI
Intestinal Microbiota, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Oxidative Status of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Mushroom Waste Compost By-Products.
This study investigated the effects of using mushroom waste compost as the residue medium for Pleurotus eryngii planting, which was used as a feed replacement; its consequent influence on broiler chickens' intestinal microbiota, anti-inflammatory responses, and anti-oxidative status was likewise studied..
Oyster Mushroom · 2021 · Journal Article · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Mushroom spawn quality classification with machine learning
During spawn incubation in mushroom cultivation, spawns can be contaminated by a variety of pests and pathogenic molds, which cause virulent crop damage. Contaminated spawns must be classified and discarded before they are delivered to the fruiting stage..
Reishi · 2005 · Journal Article · Mushroom Science and Biotechnology
Development of the method for efficient disruption and rapid extraction on the β-1,3-glucan determination from the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Mushroom Science and Biotechnology in 2005. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Niu-Chang-Chih · 2004 · Journal Article · Food chemistry
Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from two kinds of Antrodia camphorata mycelia.
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Antrodia camphorata in Food chemistry in 2004. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, cognition & nerves, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Niu-Chang-Chih · 2004 · Journal Article · Transactions of the Meeting in Hokkaido Branch of the Japanese Forest Society
Antrodia camphorata (Japanese name Benikusunokitake) in Basidiomycota
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Antrodia camphorata in Transactions of the Meeting in Hokkaido Branch of the Japanese Forest Society in 2004. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, cognition & nerves, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 2004 · Journal Article · Mushroom Science and Biotechnology
Effects of Culture Substrates on Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Ganoderma lucidum (Rei-shi)
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Mushroom Science and Biotechnology in 2004. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Almond Mushroom · 2002 · Journal Article · Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
Suppressive Effect of Polysaccharides from the Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms, Lentinus edodes and Agaricus blazei, on the Expression of Cytochrome P450s in Mice
To investigate the effects of lentinan from Lentinas edodes and polysaccharides from Agaricus blazei (ABPS) on the expression of cytochrome P450s (CYPs), lentinan (10 mg/kg/day) or ABPS (200 mg/kg/day) was administered to female BALB/c mice four times every other day by intraperitoneal injection..
Reishi · 1999 · Journal Article · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
β-Glucuronidase-Inhibitory Activity and Hepatoprotective Effect of Ganoderma lucidum
To prove the relationship between the fluctuation in serum beta-glucuronidase level and hepatotoxicity, an inhibitor of beta-glucuronidase from G. lucidum was isolated and its hepatoprotective activity was investigated.
Reishi · 1999 · Journal Article · Mushroom science and biotechnology
Nutritional requirements for the formation of fruit body primordia and atypical fruiting structures in Ganoderma lucidum
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Mushroom science and biotechnology in 1999. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1998 · Journal Article · Mushroom science and biotechnology
Morphological Features and Morphogenesis in the Ganoderma lucidum Complex
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Mushroom science and biotechnology in 1998. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1997 · Journal Article · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Antifibrotic Effects of a Polysaccharide Extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, Glycyrrhizin, and Pentoxifylline in Rats with Cirrhosis Induced by Biliary Obstruction
For the past few years, we have been investigating polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum as antifibrotic agents. In a previous study, we discovered that polysaccharides extracted from G..
Reishi · 1992 · Journal Article · Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi
In vivo Anti-candidal Activity Induced by a Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ganoderma lucidum
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi in 1992. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1991 · Journal Article · Journal of Home Economics of Japan
Purification and Properties of Amylase Produced by Ganoderma lucidum No. 15
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Journal of Home Economics of Japan in 1991. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1990 · Journal Article · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Cardiovascular Effects of Mycelium Extract of Ganoderma lucidum: Inhibition of Sympathetic Outflow as a Mechanism of Its Hypotensive Action
In an effort to understand the mechanism of cardiovascular actions of Ganoderma lucidum which was cultivated in Korea, the mycelium was isolated for a large-scale culture. Water extract of the mycelia was evaluated for its cardiovascular activity in anesthetized rabbits and rats..
Reishi · 1990 · Journal Article · Lepidoptera Science
Morophaga formosana ROBINSON (Lepidoptera, Tineidae), A Pest of Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) KARST, and Its Two Allied Species
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Lepidoptera Science in 1990. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Zhu Ling · 1988 · Journal Article · Zhongguo yao li xue bao = Acta pharmacologica Sinica
[Protective effect of Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide on toxic hepatitis in mice].
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Polyporus umbellatus in Zhongguo yao li xue bao = Acta pharmacologica Sinica in 1988. MycoData maps the paper to immune support, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1988 · Journal Article · Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
Novel Triterpenoids and a Steroid from the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry in 1988. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1988 · Journal Article · Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
Novel Triterpenoids from the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry in 1988. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1987 · Journal Article · Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers
74(PB2-4) TRITERPENOIDS FROM THE FUNGUS Ganoderma lucidum
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers in 1987. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1987 · Journal Article · Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
Novel Mycelial Components, Ganoderic Acid Mg, Mh, Mi, Mj and Mk, from the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry in 1987. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1987 · Journal Article · Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
Novel Triterpenoids from the Mycelial Mat at the Previous Stage of Fruiting of Ganoderma lucidum
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry in 1987. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1986 · Journal Article · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Constituents of the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) KARST. II.: Structures of Ganoderic Acids F, G, and H, Lucidenic Acids D2 and E2, and Related Compounds
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin in 1986. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1986 · Journal Article · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Constituents of the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) KARST. III.: Structures of Ganolucidic Acids A and B, New Lanostane-Type Triterpenoids
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin in 1986. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1986 · Journal Article · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Constitutents of the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) KARST. I.: Structures of Ganoderic Acids C2, E, I, and K, Lucidenic Acid F and Related Compounds
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin in 1986. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1986 · Journal Article · Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
Evidence on the Strain-specific Terpenoid Pattern of Ganoderma lucidum
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry in 1986. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1986 · Journal Article · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
GANODERIC ACIDS T, S AND R, NEW TRITERPENOIDS FROM THE CULTURED MYCELIA OF GANODERMA LUCIDUM
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin in 1986. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1986 · Journal Article · Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
New Terpenoids, Ganolucidic Acid D, Ganoderic Acid L, Lucidone C and Lucidenic Acid G, from the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry in 1986. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1986 · Journal Article · YAKUGAKU ZASSHI
Studies on Ganoderma lucidum. VI
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in YAKUGAKU ZASSHI in 1986. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1986 · Journal Article · YAKUGAKU ZASSHI
Studies on Ganoderma lucidum. VII
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in YAKUGAKU ZASSHI in 1986. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1985 · Journal Article · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
GANODERIC ACID D, E, F, AND H AND LUCIDENIC ACID D, E, AND F, NEW TRITERPENOIDS FROM GANODERMA LUCIDUM
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin in 1985. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1985 · Journal Article · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
GANODERIC ACID G AND I AND GANOLUCIDIC ACID A AND B, NEW TRITERPENOIDS FROM GANODERMA LUCIDUM
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin in 1985. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1985 · Journal Article · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Isolation of an Inhibitor of Platelet Aggregation from a Fungus, Ganoderma lucidum
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin in 1985. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1985 · Journal Article · Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
New Terpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum and Their Bitterness
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry in 1985. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1985 · Journal Article · Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
New Terpenoids, Ganoderic Acid J and Ganolucidic Acid C, from the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry in 1985. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1985 · Journal Article · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Structures of New Terpenoid Constituents of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) KARST (Polyporaceae)
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin in 1985. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1985 · Journal Article · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
The Biologically Active Constituents of Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) KARST. Histamine Release-Inhibitory Triterpenes
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin in 1985. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1984 · Journal Article · Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
Streptomyces Pepsin Inhibitor-insensitive Carboxyl Proteinase from Ganoderma lucidum
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry in 1984. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Reishi · 1983 · Journal Article · YAKUGAKU ZASSHI
Studies on Ganoderma lucidum. IV. Effects on the Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Ganoderma lucidum in YAKUGAKU ZASSHI in 1983. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, immune support, metabolic health, liver support based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Oyster Mushroom · 2020 · Journal Article · Molecular nutrition & food research
Characterization of the Nutritional Composition of a Biotechnologically Produced Oyster Mushroom and its Physiological Effects in Obese Zucker Rats.
SCOPE: Sustainable protein sources are needed to meet the increasing protein demands of a continuously growing world population. This study is focused on the biotechnological production of a protein rich oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju; PSC) by valorization of an agricultural side stream and the evaluation of….
Shiitake · 2020 · Journal Article · Nutrients
Protective Role of Shiitake Mushroom-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles in D-Galactosamine and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice.
Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a rare, life-threatening liver disease with a poor prognosis. Administration of D-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers acute liver injury in mice, simulating many clinical features of FHF in humans; therefore, this disease model is often used to investigate….
Maitake · 2003 · Journal Article · Molecular and cellular biochemistry
Effects of niacin-bound chromium, Maitake mushroom fraction SX and (-)-hydroxycitric acid on the metabolic syndrome in aged diabetic Zucker fatty rats.
Previous studies in our laboratories have demonstrated that niacin-bound chromium (NBC), Maitake mushroom and (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) can ameliorate hypertension, dyslipidemias and diabetes mellitus, and therefore may be useful in weight management..
Almond Mushroom · 2026 · Review · ACS biomaterials science & engineering
A Review on AI-Based Data-Driven Models for Optimization of Nanocarriers as Drug Delivery Systems.
Artificial intelligence (AI), primarily machine learning (ML), has revolutionized as a transformative strategy to accelerate nanomedicine research and optimization. The present review highlights the nanocarrier-integrated AI-based approaches to enhance the performance of drug delivery systems..
Cordyceps · 2025 · Review · Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
[Research progress on dihydrochalcones from Lithocarpus litseifolius extracts in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications].
Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic and endocrine disorder. Long-term hyperglycemia can lead to severe chronic complications, imposing substantial economic burdens on both society and patients..