MycoData
Medicinal fungi research database
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Energy & fatigue
Fatigue, endurance, mitochondrial, oxygen-use, and exercise-performance research.
Species records
Species record
Oyster Mushroom
Pleurotus ostreatus
- Studies
- 1,947
- Avg relevance
- 53
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Reishi · Lingzhi
Ganoderma lucidum
- Studies
- 1,830
- Avg relevance
- 60
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Turkey Tail · Yun Zhi
Trametes versicolor
- Studies
- 1,828
- Avg relevance
- 41
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Shiitake · Hua Gu
Lentinula edodes
- Studies
- 1,766
- Avg relevance
- 60
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Cordyceps · Scarlet Club
Cordyceps militaris
- Studies
- 1,635
- Avg relevance
- 67
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Cordyceps · Caterpillar Fungus
Ophiocordyceps sinensis
- Studies
- 1,576
- Avg relevance
- 59
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Almond Mushroom · ABM
Agaricus blazei
- Studies
- 1,441
- Avg relevance
- 54
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Enoki · Winter Mushroom
Flammulina velutipes
- Studies
- 1,403
- Avg relevance
- 47
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
King Oyster · Eryngii
Pleurotus eryngii
- Studies
- 1,278
- Avg relevance
- 60
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Maitake · Hen of the Woods
Grifola frondosa
- Studies
- 1,276
- Avg relevance
- 48
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Snow Fungus · Silver Ear
Tremella fuciformis
- Studies
- 1,052
- Avg relevance
- 29
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Lion's Mane · Yamabushitake
Hericium erinaceus
- Studies
- 862
- Avg relevance
- 67
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Chaga
Inonotus obliquus
- Studies
- 738
- Avg relevance
- 65
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Mesima · Sanghwang
Phellinus linteus
- Studies
- 722
- Avg relevance
- 58
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Niu-Chang-Chih
Antrodia camphorata
- Studies
- 496
- Avg relevance
- 63
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Nameko · Nametake
Pholiota microspora
- Studies
- 421
- Avg relevance
- 29
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Yellow Morel
Morchella esculenta
- Studies
- 392
- Avg relevance
- 42
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Zhu Ling · Umbrella Polypore
Polyporus umbellatus
- Studies
- 263
- Avg relevance
- 55
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Wood Ear · Kikurage
Auricularia auricula-judae
- Studies
- 254
- Avg relevance
- 51
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Agarikon · Quinine Conk
Fomitopsis officinalis
- Studies
- 47
- Avg relevance
- 55
- Latest
- 2026
Articles
2,746 results
Showing 251–300 of 2,746
Reishi · 2022 · Journal Article · International journal of medicinal mushrooms
Antioxidant Properties of Triterpenoids Isolated from Bagasse-Cultivated Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), at Different Developmental Stages.
Although triterpenoids are one of the main active ingredients in Ganoderma lucidum, their accumulation and antioxidant activity during the different developmental stages of G. lucidum cultivation in bagasse remains unclear..
King Oyster · 2022 · Journal Article · Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia
Assessment of agronomic crops-based residues for growth and nutritional profile of Pleurotus eryngii.
Among edible mushrooms, Pleurotus eryngii is unique due to its flavor, admirable medicinal and nutritional profiling. Pakistan is an agricultural country diverse in various crops.
King Oyster · 2022 · Research Article · Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
Bioconversion of High-Calorie Potato Starch to Low-Calorie β-Glucan via 3D Printing Using Pleurotus eryngii Mycelia.
Edible fungi play an important role in material and energy cycling. This study explored the role of Pleurotus eryngii mycelia in the transformation of potato high-calorie starch to low-calorie β-glucan.
Cordyceps · 2022 · Journal Article · Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology
Changes of the gene expression in silkworm larvae and Cordyceps militaris at late stages of the pathogenesis.
Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic fungus that forms its fruiting body. The gene expression change in C.
King Oyster · 2022 · Journal Article · Carbohydrate polymers
Chitin-glucan composite sponge hemostat with rapid shape-memory from Pleurotus eryngii for puncture wound
Efficient hemostasis is a great challenge for treating the inaccessible hemorrhage wounds. A novel shape-memory chitin-glucan hemostatic sponge (ATC-Sponge) is constructed via sequentially in-situ removal of protein and glucan from Pleurotus eryngii fruiting body, TEMPO oxidation and Ca²⁺ crosslinking..
King Oyster · 2022 · Journal Article · Carbohydrate polymers
Chitin-glucan composite sponge hemostat with rapid shape-memory from Pleurotus eryngii for puncture wound.
Efficient hemostasis is a great challenge for treating the inaccessible hemorrhage wounds. A novel shape-memory chitin-glucan hemostatic sponge (ATC-Sponge) is constructed via sequentially in-situ removal of protein and glucan from Pleurotus eryngii fruiting body, TEMPO oxidation and Ca2+ crosslinking..
Reishi · 2022 · Research Article · Journal of cardiovascular development and disease
Combination of Spirulina platensis, Ganoderma lucidum and Moringa oleifera Improves Cardiac Functions and Reduces Pro-Inflammatory Biomarkers in Preclinical Models of Short-Term Doxorubicin-Mediated Cardiotoxicity: New Frontiers in Cardioncology?
Anthracyclines are essential adjuvant therapies for a variety of cancers, particularly breast, gastric and esophageal cancers. Whilst prolonging cancer-related survival, these agents can induce drug-related cardiotoxicity..
Reishi · 2022 · Journal Article · International journal of medicinal mushrooms
Comparison of the Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Mycelial Polysaccharides from Different Strains of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes).
Ganoderma lucidum is a popular tonic medicine in China, and its polysaccharides are believed to promote health benefits. However, G.
Cordyceps · 2022 · Research Article · Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM
Cordyceps militaris Carotenoids Protect Human Retinal Endothelial Cells against the Oxidative Injury and Apoptosis Resulting from H2O2.
Vision loss is primarily caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD) due to oxidative retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell injury. Carotenoid utilization is deemed a possible strategy for treating AMD.
Cordyceps · 2022 · Research Article · Food science & nutrition
Cordyceps militaris extract induces apoptosis and pyroptosis via caspase-3/PARP/GSDME pathways in A549 cell line.
Cordyceps militaris (CM) is traditionally used as dietary therapy for lung cancer patients in China. CM extract (CME) is hydrosoluble fraction of CM and extensively investigated.
Cordyceps · 2022 · Research Article · Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
Cordyceps militaris-Fruiting Bodies, Mycelium, and Supplements: Valuable Component of Daily Diet.
Cordyceps militaris has long been used in Eastern medicine for alleviating fatigue and as an immunostimulant. The present study aimed to determine the content of biologically active substances (bioelements and organic compounds), the total phenolic content, and the antioxidant activity of fruiting bodies (commercially….
Oyster Mushroom · 2022 · Journal Article · International journal of food science & technology
Development and quality evaluation of a cereal‐based breakfast product from yellow maize (Zea mays), sesame (Sesamum indicum) and mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) flour blends
Composite flours were prepared from blends of yellow maize (Zea mays), sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) powder in the ratio of 80:20:0; 75:20:5; 70:20:10; 65:20:15 and 60:20:20, respectively to produce the cereal‐based breakfast product coded as YSB, SMB, TMB, PMB and OMB with….
Wood Ear · 2022 · Research Article · Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
Dietary Supplementation of Auricularia auricula-judae Polysaccharides Alleviate Nutritional Obesity in Mice via Regulating Inflammatory Response and Lipid Metabolism.
The incidence of lipid metabolism disorder and obesity that is caused by high-calorie diets is increasing year by year, which has become an urgent global health problem..
Oyster Mushroom · 2022 · Research Article · Frontiers in microbiology
Dynamic succession of microbial compost communities and functions during Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom cropping on a short composting substrate.
Cultivating oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), a typical primary decomposer of lignocellulose, on a short composting substrate is a novel procedure which possesses energy conserves, reduced the chance of infection by competitive species, shorter production duration and achieved high production efficiency..
Shiitake · 2022 · Research Article · BMC complementary medicine and therapies
Edible algae (Ecklonia cava) bioprocessed with mycelia of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushrooms in liquid culture and its isolated fractions protect mice against allergic asthma.
BACKGROUND: Ecklonia cava is an edible marine brown alga harvested from the ocean that is widely consumed in Asian countries as a health-promoting medicinal food The objective of the present study is to evaluate the anti-asthma mechanism of a new functional food produced by bioprocessing edible algae Ecklonia cava and….
King Oyster · 2022 · Research Article · Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
Edible Pleurotus eryngii Papery Food Prepared by Papermaking Process.
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the feasibility of papery food with Pleurotus eryngii (P. eryngii) as a raw material using the papermaking process.
King Oyster · 2022 · Research Article · Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)
Effect of Different Light Qualities and Intensities on the Yield and Quality of Facility-Grown Pleurotus eryngii.
Proper light is essential for the formation and development of macrofungi fruiting bodies. Currently, there are unclear treatment conditions, such as light quality and light intensity, in the production of Pleurotus eryngii in intensive cultivation facilities, which is not helpful to the formation and implementation….
Oyster Mushroom · 2022 · Research Article · International journal of food science
Evaluation of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) Production Using Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Biomass Supplemented with Agricultural Wastes.
The cost of substrates has been one of the challenges for mushroom cultivation. The commonly used substrates for mushroom production are usually expensive.
Shiitake · 2022 · Journal Article · Letters in applied microbiology
Evaluation of the biological activities of β-glucan isolated from Lentinula edodes.
Lentinula edodes (shiitake) is an edible mushroom that contains many constituents and β-glucan is considered a major polysaccharide. This study, therefore, aimed to characterize β-glucan and evaluate its activities.
Lion's Mane · 2022 · Research Article · International journal of exercise science
Four Weeks of Hericium erinaceus Supplementation Does Not Impact Markers of Metabolic Flexibility or Cognition.
Hericium erinaceus (HE), also known as Lion's Mane mushroom, has been found to enhance cognition and metabolic flexibility in various animal models. To date however, only four studies exist in humans and none have evaluated the effects of HE on markers of metabolic flexibility or cognitive performance..
Reishi · 2022 · Research Article · Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
Ganoderma lucidum Modulates Glucose, Lipid Peroxidation and Hepatic Metabolism in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Pregnant Rats.
The consumption of functional foods, such as mushrooms, apparently influences Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), and brings benefits to maternal-fetal health. Ganoderma lucidum contains a variety of bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides, proteins and polyphenols that are able to control blood glucose and be….
Reishi · 2022 · Research Article · Pharmaceutical biology
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced acute pneumonia via inhibiting NRP1-mediated inflammation.
CONTEXT: Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP), from Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst.
Chaga · 2022 · Journal Article · Bioresource technology
High-performance biochar derived from the residue of Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) for pollutants removal.
A high-performance biochar derived from the residue of Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) was reported in this study. Inonotus obliquus residues were used to prepare biochar, and the optimal synthesis conditions were obtained by response surface methodology..
Reishi · 2022 · Journal Article · International journal of medicinal mushrooms
Immunomodulatory Effects of Extract of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) Basidiocarps Cultivated on Alternative Substrate.
Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom exhibiting numerous health benefits primarily based on strong immunostimulatory effects. The study aimed to investigate if there were differences in effects of extracts of commercially (GC) and alternatively (wheat straw) (GA) cultivated G..
King Oyster · 2022 · Journal Article · Journal of the science of food and agriculture
Influence of ultrasonic pretreatments on microwave hot-air flow rolling drying mechanism, thermal characteristics and rehydration dynamics of Pleurotus eryngii.
BACKGROUND: In order to improve the drying efficiency and reduce the drying energy consumption of Pleurotus eryngii, microwave hot-air flow rolling drying (MHARD) coupled with ultrasonic pretreating time (0, 20, 40, and 60 min) was used to investigate the drying profile, thermal characteristics, water migration,….
King Oyster · 2022 · Journal Article · Journal of the science of food and agriculture
Influence of ultrasonic pretreatments on microwave hot‐air flow rolling drying mechanism, thermal characteristics and rehydration dynamics of Pleurotus eryngii
BACKGROUND: In order to improve the drying efficiency and reduce the drying energy consumption of Pleurotus eryngii, microwave hot‐air flow rolling drying (MHARD) coupled with ultrasonic pretreating time (0, 20, 40, and 60 min) was used to investigate the drying profile, thermal characteristics, water migration,….
Chaga · 2022 · Research Article · International journal of molecular sciences
Microporous Biocarbons Derived from Inonotus obliquus Mushroom and Their Application in the Removal of Liquid and Gaseous Impurities.
Biocarbons were obtained by physical and chemical activation of the residue of the extraction of chaga fungi (Inonotus obliquus). The residue was subjected to heat treatment carried out in a microwave oven and in a quartz tubular reactor..
Lion's Mane · 2022 · Research Article · Biomedicines
Natural Compounds Such as Hericium erinaceus and Coriolus versicolor Modulate Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress and Lipoxin A4 Expression in Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Mice.
BACKGROUND: A growing body of research suggests that oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are early pathogenic features of neurodegenerative disorders. In recent years, the vitagene system has emerged as a potential target, as it has been shown to have a high neuroprotective power..
Shiitake · 2022 · Journal Article · Journal of food biochemistry
Network pharmacology-based study to identify the significant pathways of Lentinula edodes against cancer.
Lentinula edodes (LE) is known as a good food source with potent anticancer efficacy, but its active chemical compounds and pathways against cancer have not been revealed. This study was to uncover the active chemical constituents and pathways of LE against cancer through network pharmacology..
Shiitake · 2022 · Journal Article · Journal of food biochemistry
Network pharmacology‐based study to identify the significant pathways of Lentinula edodes against cancer
Lentinula edodes (LE) is known as a good food source with potent anticancer efficacy, but its active chemical compounds and pathways against cancer have not been revealed. This study was to uncover the active chemical constituents and pathways of LE against cancer through network pharmacology..
Cordyceps · 2022 · Journal Article · European journal of nutrition
Neuroprotective potency of a soy whey fermented by Cordyceps militaris SN-18 against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative injury in PC12 cells.
PURPOSE: Soy whey is a byproduct generated from the processing of several soybean products. Its valorization has continued to attract significant research interest in recent times due to the nutritional and bioactive potency of its chemical composition..
Reishi · 2022 · Research Article · Metabolites
Pharmacokinetic, Metabolomic, and Stability Assessment of Ganoderic Acid H Based Triterpenoid Enriched Fraction of Ganoderma lucidum P. Karst.
Ganoderma lucidum P. karst is an edible fungus that is used in traditional medicine and contains triterpenoids as the major phytoconstituents.
Reishi · 2022 · Research Article · Food chemistry: X
Polysaccharide prediction in Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body by hyperspectral imaging.
Ganoderma lucidum is a traditional Chinese healthy food with many kinds of nutritious activities, and polysaccharide is one of its main active components. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide plays a vital role in improving human immunity and anti-oxidation..
Reishi · 2022 · Journal Article · International journal of medicinal mushrooms
Polysaccharide-Protein Complex Isolated from Fruiting Bodies and Cultured Mycelia of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Stress and Myocardial Injury in Rats.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the polysaccharide-protein complex isolated from the fruiting bodies (GLFPPC) and cultured mycelia (GLMPPC) of a highly valued medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, to alleviate doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity..
Cordyceps · 2022 · Research Article · Nutrients
Protective Effect of a Water-Soluble Carotenoid-Rich Extract of Cordyceps militaris against Light-Evoked Functional Vision Deterioration in Mice.
Light-evoked retinal photodamage is considered an important factor contributing to functional vision deterioration and can even lead to light maculopathy or dry age-related macular degeneration..
Oyster Mushroom · 2022 · Journal Article · Journal of food science
Protective role of ergothioneine isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus against dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rat model.
The well-acknowledged sulfur-containing amino acid ergothioneine (EGT), which is usually perceived to be produced from fungi, cyanobacteria, and mushrooms, has been increasingly demonstrated as a diet-derived antioxidant with therapeutic potential..
Turkey Tail · 2022 · Journal Article · Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS
Purification and Characterization Laccase from Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd in Submerged Fermentation.
Background and Objective: Laccase is classified as an oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes oxidation reactions of phenolic groups by using oxygen as its electron acceptor. Laccase isolated from Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd has a wide range of applications in the industrial sector..
Cordyceps · 2022 · Research Article · BMC complementary medicine and therapies
System-level investigation of anti-obesity effects and the potential pathways of Cordyceps militaris in ovariectomized rats.
BACKGROUND: Cordyceps species have been used as tonics to enhance energy, stamina, and libido in traditional Asian medicine for more than 1600 years, indicating their potential for improving reproductive hormone disorders and energy metabolic diseases..
Cordyceps · 2022 · Journal Article · Food chemistry
The molecular recognition of cordycepin arabinoside and analysis of changes on cordycepin and its arabinoside in fruiting body and pupa of Cordyceps militaris.
Cordyceps militaris is an edible fungus that is widely used as a functional food in many countries. In order to objectively evaluate its nutritional value, free and glycosidic cordycepins need to be analyzed..
Chaga · 2022 · Journal Article · Journal of food biochemistry
Triterpenoid acids from medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus (Chaga) alleviate hyperuricemia and inflammation in hyperuricemic mice: Possible inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase activity
The purpose of this study was to explore the hypouricemic effect in hyperuricemia mice of triterpenoid acids from Inonotus obliquus (TAIO), and decipher of the underlying xanthine oxidase inhibitory mechanism. Measurement of xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity was assayed..
Reishi · 2022 · Journal Article · Chemosphere
Valorisation of biomass and diaper waste into a sustainable production of the medical mushroom Lingzhi Ganoderma lucidum.
Global solid waste is expected to increase by at least 70% annually until year 2050. The mixture of solid waste including food waste from food industry and domestic diaper waste in landfills is causing environmental and human health issues..
King Oyster · 2021 · Research Article · Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)
A Multiomic Approach to Understand How Pleurotus eryngii Transforms Non-Woody Lignocellulosic Material.
Pleurotus eryngii is a grassland-inhabiting fungus of biotechnological interest due to its ability to colonize non-woody lignocellulosic material. Genomic, transcriptomic, exoproteomic, and metabolomic analyses were combined to explain the enzymatic aspects underlaying wheat-straw transformation..
Reishi · 2021 · Research Article · International journal of environmental research and public health
A Placebo-Controlled, Pseudo-Randomized, Crossover Trial of Botanical Agents for Gulf War Illness: Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum), Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica), and Epimedium (Epimedium sagittatum).
This report is third in a three-part clinical trial series screening potential treatments for Gulf War Illness (GWI). The goal of the project was to rapidly identify agents to prioritize for further efficacy research..
Cordyceps · 2021 · Research Article · Veterinary world
A study of the aphrodisiac properties of Cordyceps militaris in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats.
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cordyceps militaris (CM) is a fungus that has been used to enhance aphrodisiac activity in men, but to date, no studies have focused on its antidiabetic properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CM on reproductive performance of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male rats..
Almond Mushroom · 2021 · Journal Article · Journal of food biochemistry
Agaricus blazei polypeptide exerts a protective effect on D‐galactose‐induced aging mice via the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE and P53/Trim32 signaling pathways
This experiment mainly optimized the extraction technology of Agaricus blazei polypeptide (ABp) and evaluated its protective effect on aging mice. In this study, a novel single component, the M is 3 kD, was isolated and purified from Agaricus blazei.
Chaga · 2021 · Journal Article · Phytochemistry
Anti-neuroinflammatory polyoxygenated lanostanoids from Chaga mushroom Inonotus obliquus.
Chaga mushroom, Inonotus obliquus, was used as food and nutrient food and traditional herbs in Russia, China and Japan, with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Chemical investigations of the fruiting bodies of Chaga were carried to uncover the bioactive metabolites..
Niu-Chang-Chih · 2021 · Journal Article · Journal of ethnopharmacology
Antrodia camphorata extract (ACE)-induced apoptosis is associated with BMP4 expression and p53-dependent ROS generation in human colon cancer cells.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Antrodia camphorata (AC) is a rare functional fungus in Taiwan and is known as traditional Chinese medicine. It has been reported to inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis in human cancer cells..
Lion's Mane · 2021 · Research Article · RSC advances
Biomass-derived O, N-codoped hierarchically porous carbon prepared by black fungus and Hericium erinaceus for high performance supercapacitor.
Biomass-derived carbon materials have been widely researched due to their advantages such as low cost, environmental friendliness, readily available raw materials. Black fungus and Hericium erinaceus contain many kinds of amino acids..
Cordyceps · 2021 · Journal Article · International journal of medicinal mushrooms
Caterpillar Medicinal Mushroom, Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycota), Attenuates Aβ1-42-Induced Amyloidogenesis and Inflammatory Response by Suppressing Amyloid Precursor Protein Progression and p38 MAPK/JNK Activation.
The deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) is a neuropathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cordyceps militaris is an edible medicinal fungus in Asian countries with antioxidative, antiaging, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects.
Reishi · 2021 · Journal Article · International journal of medicinal mushrooms
Chemical Compounds and Computational Prediction of Their Inhibitory Effects on the HIV-1 gp120 Receptor by Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), with Antler-Like Morphology of Fruiting Bodies.
In this study, crude extracts of Ganoderma lucidum (NGCs) were compared to the crude extracts of G. lucidum that has antler-like fruiting bodies (AGCs) for their cytotoxicity, inhibitory effects on the attachment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120) to cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4),….