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Medicinal fungi research database
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Skin & hydration
Skin barrier, hydration, collagen, antioxidant, and cosmetic science papers.
Species records
Species record
Oyster Mushroom
Pleurotus ostreatus
- Studies
- 1,947
- Avg relevance
- 53
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Reishi · Lingzhi
Ganoderma lucidum
- Studies
- 1,830
- Avg relevance
- 60
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Turkey Tail · Yun Zhi
Trametes versicolor
- Studies
- 1,828
- Avg relevance
- 41
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Shiitake · Hua Gu
Lentinula edodes
- Studies
- 1,766
- Avg relevance
- 60
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Cordyceps · Scarlet Club
Cordyceps militaris
- Studies
- 1,635
- Avg relevance
- 67
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Cordyceps · Caterpillar Fungus
Ophiocordyceps sinensis
- Studies
- 1,576
- Avg relevance
- 59
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Almond Mushroom · ABM
Agaricus blazei
- Studies
- 1,441
- Avg relevance
- 54
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Enoki · Winter Mushroom
Flammulina velutipes
- Studies
- 1,403
- Avg relevance
- 47
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
King Oyster · Eryngii
Pleurotus eryngii
- Studies
- 1,278
- Avg relevance
- 60
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Maitake · Hen of the Woods
Grifola frondosa
- Studies
- 1,276
- Avg relevance
- 48
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Snow Fungus · Silver Ear
Tremella fuciformis
- Studies
- 1,052
- Avg relevance
- 29
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Lion's Mane · Yamabushitake
Hericium erinaceus
- Studies
- 862
- Avg relevance
- 67
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Chaga
Inonotus obliquus
- Studies
- 738
- Avg relevance
- 65
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Mesima · Sanghwang
Phellinus linteus
- Studies
- 722
- Avg relevance
- 58
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Niu-Chang-Chih
Antrodia camphorata
- Studies
- 496
- Avg relevance
- 63
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Nameko · Nametake
Pholiota microspora
- Studies
- 421
- Avg relevance
- 29
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Yellow Morel
Morchella esculenta
- Studies
- 392
- Avg relevance
- 42
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Zhu Ling · Umbrella Polypore
Polyporus umbellatus
- Studies
- 263
- Avg relevance
- 55
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Wood Ear · Kikurage
Auricularia auricula-judae
- Studies
- 254
- Avg relevance
- 51
- Latest
- 2026
Species record
Agarikon · Quinine Conk
Fomitopsis officinalis
- Studies
- 47
- Avg relevance
- 55
- Latest
- 2026
Articles
1,711 results
Showing 351–400 of 1,711
Chaga · 2022 · Research Support, Non U.S. Gov'T · Fungal biology
Ultraviolet radiation promotes the production of hispidin polyphenols by medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus.
Production of hispidin polyphenols in Inonotus obliquus is a stress-induced response triggered by environmental factors. As one of the important environmental factors, ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays regulatory roles in fungal growth and development..
Shiitake · 2021 · Evaluation Study · Journal of the science of food and agriculture
Effects of pre-cutting treatments and combination drying with different orders on drying characteristics and physicochemical properties of Lentinula edodes.
BACKGROUND: Combination drying is recognized as an energy-efficient method utilized for dry product processing, and proper order of combination is a critical factor determining the effectiveness of the technique..
Shiitake · 2023 · Case Reports · Military medicine
Shiitake Dermatitis and Potential Implications for Military Readiness.
Shiitake flagellate dermatitis is an intensely pruritic erythematous or violaceous eruption marked by "whip-like" linear streaks consisting of papules or plaques following the ingestion of undercooked shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes)..
Chaga · 2022 · Case Reports · Medicine
Chaga mushroom-induced oxalate nephropathy that clinically manifested as nephrotic syndrome: A case report.
RATIONALE: The Chaga mushroom (Hymenochaetaceae, Inonotus obliquus) is a fungus belonging to the Hymenochaetaceae family. It is parasitic on birch and other tree species.
Reishi · 2021 · Research Support, Non U.S. Gov'T · Experimental eye research
PLGA nanoparticles containing Lingzhi extracts rescue corneal epithelial cells from oxidative damage.
Oxidative stress-related ocular surface epithelial damage can be initiated by ambient oxygen, UV radiation, and chemical burns. The oxidative damage to cornea can lead to inflammation and even vision loss..
Reishi · 2021 · Comparative Study · Archiv der Pharmazie
The C-terminally shortened analogs of a hexapeptide derived from Lingzhi hydrolysate with enhanced tyrosinase-inhibitory activity.
Ganoderma lucidum or Lingzhi (Chinese) is a medicinal fungus widely used in traditional medicine as a health supplement. This study was conducted to identify an approach to enhance the anti-tyrosinase activity of a peptide from G.
Chaga · 2011 · Journal Article · Japanese Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Inhibitory Effect of Chaga (Inonotus obliquus) on Tumor Promotion in Two-Stage Mouse Skin Carcinogenesis
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Inonotus obliquus in Japanese Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in 2011. MycoData maps the paper to oncology, skin & hydration based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Chaga · 2008 · Journal Article · Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + [i.e. und] Technologie. Food science + technology. Science + technologie alimentaire
A comparative study of analytical methods for alkali-soluble β-glucan in medicinal mushroom, Chaga (Inonotus obliquus)
Metadata-grounded summary: This journal article indexes research on Inonotus obliquus in Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + [i.e. und] Technologie.
Turkey Tail · 2025 · Journal Article · Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS
Laccase Activity of Trametes versicolor Using Various Pineapple and Arabica Coffee Wastes Under Solid-State Fermentation Process.
Background and Objective: Laccase, a ligninolytic enzyme, can degrade lignin by utilizing lignocellulose. With this ability, laccase is useful as a pre-treatment enzyme of lignocellulosic materials in various industries.
Yellow Morel · 2025 · Journal Article · International journal of medicinal mushrooms
Methanolic Extract of Morchella esculenta (Ascomycota) Prevents Chemotherapy-Related Cardiotoxicity in Tumor-Bearing Mice.
The quest for bioactives that confer protection against chemotherapy induced cardio toxicity is a front-line area of cardio oncology research. Species of genus Morchella have been used in traditional medicine to treat asthma, wound healing, cough, cold, indigestion, excessive phlegm and breathlessness.
Reishi · 2024 · Journal Article · Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
[UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS qualitative analysis and HPLC determination of triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum spores].
Ganoderma spores are the dry and mature spores of G. lucidum or G.
Almond Mushroom · 2024 · Research Article · Scientific reports
Polysacharide of Agaricus blazei gel mitigates bone necrosis in model of the jaws related to bisphosphonate via Wnt signaling.
To investigate de effect of PAb gel on the bone tissue of rats submitted to Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ). Initially, 54 animals were submitted to BRONJ model by Zoledronic Acid (ZA) (0.1 mg/kg 3x/wk for 9 wk, ip), followed by the 1st upper left molar extraction at the 8th wk..
Snow Fungus · 2020 · Journal Article · Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + [i.e. und] Technologie. Food science + technology. Science + technologie alimentaire
Active biodegradable films based on water soluble polysaccharides from white jelly mushroom (Tremella fuciformis) containing roasted peanut skin extract
This study aimed to manufacture biodegradable films based on water soluble polysaccharides from the white jelly mushroom (Tremella fuciformis), containing various concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g/100 mL) of peanut skin extract (PSE), as well as, evaluate the mechanical properties, microstructure, and….
Snow Fungus · 2020 · Journal Article · Carbohydrate polymers
Chain conformation and physicochemical properties of polysaccharide (glucuronoxylomannan) from Fruit Bodies of Tremella fuciformis
Based on its potential bioactivities and sustainable source, polysaccharide (glucuronoxylomannan) from fruit bodies of Tremella fuciformis (TFP) aroused attention in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The present study aimed at revealing its chain conformational and physicochemical properties..
Snow Fungus · 2020 · Journal Article · Carbohydrate polymers
Chain conformation and physicochemical properties of polysaccharide (glucuronoxylomannan) from Fruit Bodies of Tremella fuciformis.
Based on its potential bioactivities and sustainable source, polysaccharide (glucuronoxylomannan) from fruit bodies of Tremella fuciformis (TFP) aroused attention in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The present study aimed at revealing its chain conformational and physicochemical properties..
Chaga · 2020 · Journal Article · Applied biochemistry and biotechnology
Effect of Colloidal Metal Nanoparticles on Biomass, Polysaccharides, Flavonoids, and Melanin Accumulation in Medicinal Mushroom Inonotus obliquus (Ach.:Pers.) Pilát.
The article explores effect of colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) of Ag, Fe, and Mg metals on the growth activity of the medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus (Ach.:Pers.) Pilát and the synthesis of biologically active compounds (polysaccharides, flavonoids, and melanins)..
Oyster Mushroom · 2020 · Journal Article · Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
Efficacy of Mushroom Metabolites (Pleurotus ostreatus) as A Natural Product for the Suppression of Broomrape Growth (Orobanche crenata Forsk) in Faba Bean Plants.
Broomrape parasitism on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is the most destructive factor for this crop in Egypt. Pot experiments were conducted during the two successive seasons 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 to study the mitigation of broomrape stress on faba bean using a ten-fold dilution of 10% (w/v) spent mushroom substrate….
Enoki · 2020 · Journal Article · Journal of the science of food and agriculture
O/W Pickering emulsions stabilized by Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide nanoparticles as a fat substitute: the effects of phase separation on emulsified sausage's techno-functional and sensory quality.
BACKGROUND: The application of Pickering emulsion stabilized by food-derived particles is of great interest in the food field, including meat processing. However, the creaming phenomenon is a thorny problem and may impact the resulting product quality..
Enoki · 2020 · Journal Article · Journal of the science of food and agriculture
O/W Pickering emulsions stabilized by Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide nanoparticles as a fat substitute: the effects of phase separation on emulsified sausage's techno‐functional and sensory quality
BACKGROUND: The application of Pickering emulsion stabilized by food‐derived particles is of great interest in the food field, including meat processing. However, the creaming phenomenon is a thorny problem and may impact the resulting product quality..
Maitake · 2020 · Journal Article · Carbohydrate polymers
Preparation and activities of selenium polysaccharide from plant such as Grifola frondosa
Selenium polysaccharide is an organic selenium compound formed by the combination of polysaccharide and selenium. The biological activity of selenium polysaccharide from plant such as Grifola frondosa is generally higher than that of selenium and polysaccharide, and it is more easily absorbed and utilized by human….
Wood Ear · 2020 · Research Article · Frontiers in microbiology
Proteomic Analysis of Auricularia auricula-judae Under Freezing Treatment Revealed Proteins and Pathways Associated With Melanin Reduction.
Auricularia auricula-judae is an edible nutrient-rich mushroom, which is a traditional medicinal resource in China. It is known that environment stimuli will affect the production of melanin by A.
Snow Fungus · 2019 · Research Article · Mycobiology
An Enzymolysis-Assisted Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation Method for the Yeast-Like Cells of Tremella fuciformis.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT), as a simple and versatile method, achieves successful transformation in the yeast-like cells (YLCs) of Tremella fuciformis with lower efficiency..
Enoki · 2019 · Research Article · Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
Characterization and Antioxidant Activities of Yellow Strain Flammulina velutipes (Jinhua Mushroom) Polysaccharides and Their Effects on ROS Content in L929 Cell.
Yellow strain Flammulina velutipes, which is known as Jinhua mushroom in Taiwan, has become popular among customers due to its distinct texture that is utterly different from white strain F. velutipes..
Enoki · 2019 · Research Article · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
Characterization, Antioxidant, Anti-Aging and Organ Protective Effects of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes.
As an irreversible and complex degenerative physiological process, the treatment for aging seems strategically necessary, and polysaccharides play important roles against aging owing to their abundant bioactivities..
Turkey Tail · 2019 · Journal Article · Journal of cosmetic dermatology
Enzymatic hydrolysates obtained from Trametes versicolor polysaccharopeptides protect human skin keratinocyte against AAPH-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory.
BACKGROUND: Polysaccharopeptides (PSPs) extracted from Trametes versicolor show antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulation effects. According to our previous report, the enzymatic hydrolysates obtained from T versicolor PSPs by 80 U/mL β-1,3-D-glucanase (PSPs-EH80) did not change the functional groups of PSPs….
Maitake · 2019 · Journal Article · Mycoscience
Expression of tyrosinase genes associated with fruiting body formation and pigmentation in Grifola frondosa
Chemical and physical properties (including ultraviolet spectrum) of a brown pigment isolated from Grifola frondosa fruiting bodies were almost identical to those of fungal melanin. From the full genome sequence of G..
Turkey Tail · 2019 · Research Article · International journal of medical sciences
In Vitro Anti-proliferative and Anti-invasive Effect of Polysaccharide-rich Extracts from Trametes Versicolor and Grifola Frondosa in Colon Cancer Cells.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of leading causes of mortality in western countries and novel treatment strategies are required. The medicinal application of mushrooms has been used in traditional medicine in many oriental countries..
Zhu Ling · 2019 · Journal Article · Carbohydrate polymers
Renoprotective effect and mechanism of polysaccharide from Polyporus umbellatus sclerotia on renal fibrosis
As a fungal polysaccharide, polysaccharide (PPUS) from Polyporus umbellatus sclerotia have showed remarkable anti-inflammatory activities. In view of the closely relationship between inflammation and renal fibrosis, and considering the significant role of other fungal polysaccharides in treatment renal fibrosis, we….
Zhu Ling · 2019 · Journal Article · Carbohydrate polymers
Renoprotective effect and mechanism of polysaccharide from Polyporus umbellatus sclerotia on renal fibrosis.
As a fungal polysaccharide, polysaccharide (PPUS) from Polyporus umbellatus sclerotia have showed remarkable anti-inflammatory activities. In view of the closely relationship between inflammation and renal fibrosis, and considering the significant role of other fungal polysaccharides on treatment of renal fibrosis, we….
Shiitake · 2019 · Journal Article · Food Hydrocolloids
Structure, thermal and rheological properties of different soluble dietary fiber fractions from mushroom Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler residues
Four soluble dietary fiber subfractions were obtained via stepwise ethanol precipitation from Lentinula edodes by-products (LESDF). The molecular weight distributions of these four LESDF subfractions were 6.43 × 107 Da, 6.25 × 106 Da, 1.58 × 105 Da and 2.50 × 104 Da, respectively, and they exhibited different surface….
Wood Ear · 2019 · Journal Article · Natural product research
The medicinal mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) extract has antioxidant activity and promotes procollagen biosynthesis in HaCaT cells.
In this study, Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) extract (AAE) had potent antioxidant activity in vitro and promoted the biosynthesis of procollagen, a precursor of collagen in HaCaT cells..
Mesima · 2018 · Journal Article · Journal of microbiology and biotechnology
Anti-Pigmentation Effects of Eight Phellinus linteus-Fermented Traditional Crude Herbal Extracts on Brown Guinea Pigs of Ultraviolet B-Induced Hyperpigmentation.
We have previously found that mycelia culture broth of eight kinds of traditional herbal extracts fermented with Phellinus linteus (previously named as 8-HsPLCB) not only inhibited melanin and tyrosinase activity, but also reduced the contents of melanogenesis-related proteins, including tyrosinase and….
Enoki · 2018 · Journal Article · Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences
Cellulase-assisted extraction and anti-ultraviolet activity of polysaccharides from the root of Flammulina velutipes on Caenorhabditis elegans.
We investigated the cellulase-assisted extraction and anti-ultraviolet activity of water-soluble polysaccharides from the root of Flammulina velutipes on Caenorhabditis elegans..
Lion's Mane · 2018 · Journal Article · Carbohydrate polymers
Comparative study of physicochemical properties and bioactivity of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides at different solvent extractions.
In this study, hot water, 0.9% NaCl, citric acid, and 1.25 M NaOH/0.05% NaBH4 were separately used for the extraction of water-soluble H. erinaceus polysaccharides (HEPs; HEP-W, HEP-S, HEP-C, and HEP-A) from the fruit body of Hericium erinaceus..
Yellow Morel · 2018 · Journal Article · Food & function
Effect of polysaccharide FMP-1 from Morchella esculenta on melanogenesis in B16F10 cells and zebrafish.
Polysaccharides from Morchella esculenta are known to exhibit diverse bioactivities, while an anti-melanogenesis effect has been barely addressed. Herein, the anti-melanogenesis activity of a heteropolysaccharide from M.
Shiitake · 2018 · Research Article · International journal of molecular sciences
LP1 from Lentinula edodes C91-3 Induces Autophagy, Apoptosis and Reduces Metastasis in Human Gastric Cancer Cell Line SGC-7901.
Present study aimed to elucidate the anticancer effect and the possible molecular mechanism underlying the action of Latcripin 1 (LP1), from the mushroom Lentinula edodes strain C91-3 against gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901 and BGC-823..
Chaga · 2018 · Research Article · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
Structure Characterization and Hypoglycaemic Activities of Two Polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus.
In the present study, two polysaccharides (HIOP1-S and HIOP2-S) were isolated and purified from Inonotus obliquus using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The structural characterization and in vitro and in vivo hypoglycaemic activities of these molecules were investigated..
Niu-Chang-Chih · 2018 · Journal Article · Journal of dermatological science
The atopic dermatitis-like lesion and the associated MRSA infection and barrier dysfunction can be alleviated by 2,4-dimethoxy-6-methylbenzene-1,3-diol from Antrodia camphorata.
BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease with an associated barrier dysfunction and Staphylococcus aureus infection. The mainstay steroid and calcineurin inhibitor therapy shows some adverse effects..
Yellow Morel · 2018 · Journal Article · International journal of medicinal mushrooms
Traditional Knowledge of Gucchi, Morchella esculenta (Ascomycetes), in Doda District, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
The gucchi mushroom, Morchella esculenta, commonly known as the morel, is called thunthoo in the Bhaderwahi dialect spoken in District Doda of Jammu and Kashmir, India, and is an expensive food item that grows wild and is collected manually. Its nutritive and medicinal values are acknowledged..
Maitake · 2017 · Journal Article · International journal of biological macromolecules
Antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-aging activities of intracellular zinc polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa SH-05.
In present work, the strain of Grifola frondosa SH-05 was used as a vector of zinc biotransformation to produce the IZPS. The bioactivities including antioxidant and antibacterial activities in vitro and anti-aging properties in vivo of IZPS were investigated comparing with the IPS..
Yellow Morel · 2017 · Journal Article · International journal of biological macromolecules
Purification, antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from soybean residue fermented with Morchella esculenta.
Crude polysaccharides (MPS) from soybean residue fermented with Morchella esculenta were extracted and purified by DEAE Sephadex A-50 chromatography and Sephadex G-100 size-exclusion chromatography in sequence. Three main fractions MP-1, MP-3 and MP-4 were obtained during the purification steps..
Niu-Chang-Chih · 2016 · Research Article · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
Antiinflammatory and Antiphotodamaging Effects of Ergostatrien-3β-ol, Isolated from Antrodia camphorata, on Hairless Mouse Skin.
Ergostatrien-3β-ol (EK100), isolated from the submerged whole broth of Antrodia camphorata, has antidiabetic, hyperlipidemic, and hepatoprotective activities. However, the antiphotodamage activity of EK100 has still not been revealed..
Shiitake · 2016 · Research Article · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
Chemical Composition and Inhibitory Effect of Lentinula edodes Ethanolic Extract on Experimentally Induced Atopic Dermatitis in Vitro and in Vivo.
The ethanolic extract of Lentinula edodes was partially analyzed and then characterized for its efficacy in treating atopic dermatitis. Polyphenols were determined to be the major antioxidant component in the extract (6.12 mg/g), followed by flavonoids (1.76 mg/g), β-carotene (28.75 μg/g), and lycopene (5.25 μg/g)..
Niu-Chang-Chih · 2016 · Journal Article · Hepatology research: the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology
Identification of antrodin B from Antrodia camphorata as a new anti-hepatofibrotic compound using a rapid cell screening method and biological evaluation.
AIM: Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) resulting from chronic liver diseases. Efficient and well-tolerated drugs for its treatment are urgently needed..
Mesima · 2016 · Journal Article · International journal of biological macromolecules
Structure and antioxidative property of a polysaccharide from an ammonium oxalate extract of Phellinus linteus.
In this paper, the novel polysaccharide PL-A11 was purified from an ammonium oxalate extract of Phellinus linteus mycelia. Its physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and antioxidant activities were investigated..
Chaga · 2013 · Review · Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP
Progress on understanding the anticancer mechanisms of medicinal mushroom: inonotus obliquus.
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Recently, the demand for more effective and safer therapeutic agents for the chemoprevention of human cancer has increased.
Snow Fungus · 2003 · Research Article · Journal of Hebei Vocationtechnical Teachers College
Study on effect of the leaching liquid of tremella fuciformis berk replacing stabilizer maked milk drinking
Metadata-grounded summary: This research article indexes research on Tremella fuciformis in Journal of Hebei Vocationtechnical Teachers College in 2003. MycoData maps the paper to gut & microbiome, skin & hydration based on its title, species context, article metadata, and study classification..
Nameko · 2026 · Research Article · Scientific reports
Chemical composition, metabolomics, and functional potential of Pholiota nameko pre-cooking liquid.
The liquid generated during the pre-cooking process of Pholiota nameko is frequently considered waste, and its large-scale disposal may pose environmental risks. This study undertook a comparative analysis of the liquid and the fruiting bodies, focusing on their chemical composition, physicochemical properties, and….
Shiitake · 2026 · Research Article · Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
Flagellate Dermatitis Induced by Shiitake Mushrooms-Clinical Features of a Rare but Characteristic Entity.
We present the case of a 25-year-old male who attended a dermatological online consultation due to a whiplash-shaped, pruritic rash. The lesions in the form of well-demarcated linear erythematous papules, located mainly on the trunk and arms, had first appeared four days prior to the consultation..
Shiitake · 2026 · Research Article · Food chemistry: X
Impact of airborne ultrasound on pore characteristics and cell wall components in shiitake mushrooms during microwave vacuum drying.
The pore structure of dried products dictates their rehydration, flavor retention, and processing adaptability, thus affecting market potential. This study investigated the impact of ultrasound amplitude on pore structure evolution in shiitake mushrooms during microwave vacuum drying (MVD)..